Near-surface geophysical surveys are non-invasive techniques used to investigate the shallow subsurface of the Earth. These surveys are typically performed in the top few meters of the subsurface and aim to identify physical and/or geological properties of the near-surface environment. Techniques used in near-surface geophysical surveys include Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Surface Wave Surveys (MASW) and electrical tomography (ERT). The data gathered from these surveys is used for a variety of purposes such as site characterization, environmental assessment, archaeological investigations, and infrastructure planning and design. The selection of specific geophysical techniques and survey parameters is based on the specific goals and requirements of each project and the properties of the subsurface materials.

.